Impact of stage of use and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of field pea and oat mixtures

Jedan od načina da se ublaži negativan uticaj intenzivne poljoprivredne proizvodnje na životnu sredinu i poboljša proizvodnja kabaste stočne hrane jeste združivanje različitih vrsta biljaka. Zbog kratkog vegetacionog perioda, pozitivnog delovanja na zemljište, dobre otpornosti na korove, bolesti i poleganje, stočni grašak i ovas predstavljaju perspektivne vrste za ovaj vid gajenja. Trogodišnje istraživanje je sprovedeno na oglednim poljima Instituta za stočarstvo u Beogradu sa ciljem da se ustanovi produktivnost stočnog graška i ovsa u datim agroekološkim uslovima i pod uticajem različitih tretmana. U okviru različitih tretmana ispitivani su: prihrana mineralnim azotom (0, 40 i 80 kg ha-1), setveni odnos stočnog graška i ovsa u smeši (100:15% i 100:30%) sa dva kontrolna useva (čist stočni grašak 100% i čist ovas 100%) i optimalno vreme košenja (faza punog cvetanja i faza formiranja mahuna useva stočnog graška). Na osnovu prinosa, kompeticijskih odnosa i kvaliteta hraniva ocenjen je uticaj pojedinih tretmana i produktivnost gajenih smeša. Trogodišnjim istraživanjem ustanovljeno je da smeše imaju veću produktivnost po jedinici površine za približno 20% u odnosu na čiste useve. Smeše obezbeđuju veće prinose zelene mase (100:30% - 21 t ha-1, 100:15% - 20,2 t ha-1, ovas - 19,9 t ha-1, stočni grašak - 16,7 t ha-1) i suve mase (100:30% - 4,82 t ha-1, 100:15% - 4,44 t ha-1, ovas - 4,99 t ha-1, stočni grašak – 3,17 t ha-1) u odnosu na čiste useve. Najveći prinos sirovih proteina je ostvaren kod smeše 100:15% (730 kg ha-1), zatim smeše 100:30% (693 kg ha-1), stočnog graška (633 kg ha- 1), pa kod ovsa (456 kg ha-1). Kod smeše 100:15% je zabeležen viši sadržaj pravih proteina (9,21%) i veća svarljivost (64,3%) nego kod smeše 100:30% (8,26% i 60,7%). Kod svih useva najveći prinosi proteina postignuti su prihranom sa 80 kg N ha-1 (704 kg ha-1) u odnosu na 40 kg N ha-1 (638 kg ha-1) i kontrolu (543 kg ha-1). Prihrana azotom ima značajan uticaj i na povećanje prinosa zelene i suve mase. Prosečan prinos suve mase smeša je bio značajno veći u drugoj fazi košenja u odnosu na prvu. Prinos proteina je bio veći u drugoj fazi košenja u odnosu na prvu kod smeše 100:15% (I - 700 kg ha-1; II - 761 kg ha-1), dok kod smeše 100:30% razlike nisu bile značajne. Združeno gajenje stočnog graška i ovsa za proizvodnju voluminozne hrane predstavlja superiorniji vid gajenja u odnosu na pojedinačno gajenje ovih vrsta. Primena azota se može smatrati neophodnom, naročito na zemljištima niže plodnosti. Smeša sa setvenim odnosom 100:15% ostvarila je veće prinose sirovih proteina i biomasu veće svarljivosti, dok je smeša 100:30% ostvarila veće prinose biomase. Veći prinos suve mase je bio u fazi formiranja mahuna. Takođe, smeša 100:15% je imala veće prinose proteina u drugoj fazi košenja. Međutim, košenjem u drugoj fazi dobija se stočna hrana niže svarljivosti.Intercropping plants can reduce the adverse effects of modern agriculture on the environment and enhance feed quality. Due to a short growth period, pronounced positive impact on soil, and strong resistance to weeds, diseases, and lodging, field pea and oat mixtures are promising crops for intercropping. A three-year study was conducted at the Institute of Animal Husbandry in Belgrade to assess the productivity of field pea and oat mixtures in a specific agro-ecological environment, under the influence of various treatments. The treatments included examination of nitrogen application (0, 40, and 80 kg ha-1), different sowing ratios of the two species in the mixture (100:15% and 100:30%), with two control crops (sole field peas at 100% and sole oats at 100%), and the optimal mowing phase (full flowering and full pod formation). The study evaluated the influence of individual treatments and the productivity of the cultivated mixtures based on yields, competition relations, and feed quality. The three-year study revealed that mixtures showed a 20% higher productivity per unit area compared to pure crops. The mixtures produced higher yields of green mass (100:30% - 21 t ha-1, 100:15% - 20.2 t ha-1, oats – 19.9 t ha-1, field peas – 16.7 t ha-1), and dry mass (100:30% - 4.82 t ha-1, 100:15% - 4.44 t ha-1, oats – 4.99 t ha-1, field peas – 3.17 t ha-1) compared to pure crops. The highest yield of crude protein was obtained with the 100:15% mixture (730 kg ha-1), followed by the 100:30% mixture (693 kg ha-1), field peas (633 kg ha-1), and the lowest yield was from oats (456 kg ha-1). The 100:15% mixture showed higher true protein content (9.21%) and digestibility (64.3%) compared to the 100:30% mixture (8.26% and 60.7%). In all crops, the application of 80 kg N ha-1 showed the highest protein yield (704 kg ha-1) compared to 40 kg N ha-1 (638 kg ha-1) and the control treatment without nitrogen application (543 kg ha-1). The application of nitrogen fertilizer had a significant impact on increasing the yield of green and dry mass as well. The dry mass yield for mixtures was higher on average in the second mowing phase compared to the first. The protein yield was higher in the second mowing phase compared to the first for the mixture 100:15% (I - 700 kg ha-1; II - 761 kg ha- 1), whereas no significant difference was observed for the 100:30% mixture. Combined cultivation of field peas and oats for the production of fodder feeds has proven to be a superior way of cultivation compared to individual cultivation of these species. Nitrogen application is considered necessary, mainly on soils of lower fertility. The mixture with a sowing ratio of 100:15% achieved higher crude protein yields and higher digestibility biomass, while the mixture with a higher percentage share of oats (100:30%) achieved higher biomass yields. Higher biomass yields were achieved in the full pod formation phase. Higher protein yields were also achieved for the mixture 100:15% in the second mowing phase. However, mowing in the second phase yields biomass with lower digestibility

Prinos i hranljiva vrednost zelene mase sa permanentnog travnjaka u uslovima simulacije prolećne ispaše

A cutting experiment was conducted to test the changes in botanical composition, yield and nutritional value of forage, obtained in conditions of simulated rotational spring grazing on permanent grassland. The experiment was carried out on permanent pasture in vicinity of Šabac, Serbia in 2015 included three cuttings as a simulated rotational spring grazing. The highest share of grasses was noted in the first cut and decreased in the second and third cut, with increased forbs participation, and relatively constant percentage of legumes. The highest dry matter (DM) yield was obtained for the first harvest, followed by the second cut, and the lowest forage production was determined for the third harvest, with only 11.04 and 17.42% of the first and second cut yield. There were not found the significant differences between cuts for herbage DM and crude protein content. Markedly lower value for non-protein N concentration (p lt 0.05) was determined in the third cut. The fiber content increased during the grazing season (p lt 0.05), with the highest value determined in the herbage obtained in the second cut. The highest energy values (p lt 0.05) had the herbage produced in the first cut (DM basis), wherein the lowest values were found in the forage from the second harvest. These results indicate that especially herbage yield of analyzed grassland as chemical composition and nutrition value are highly variable during the growing season. The accurately defined optimal period for using is necessary to provide the high-quality forage for grazing animals.Istraživanje u kome je košenjem simulirana pregonska ispaša, sprovedeno je u cilju utvrđivanja razlika u botaničkom sastavu, prinosu i hranljivoj vrednosti dobijene zelene mase sa permanentnog pašnjaka, tokom prolećne sezone. Eksperiment je izveden tokom 2015. godine na prirodnom pašnjaku u okolini Šapca, Srbija i uključivao je tri otkosa kao simulaciju pregonske prolećne ispaše. Najveći udeo trava je zabeležen u prvom otkosu, dok je zastupljenost trava u drugom i trećem otkosu bila smanjena, uz istovremeno povećanje učešća zeljanica, i relativno ujednačen udeo leguminoza po ciklusima iskorišćavanja. Najveći prinos suve materije (SM) je utvrđen u prvom ciklusu iskorišćavanja, zatim u drugom, dok je najmanja produkcija zelene mase izmerena u trećem otkosu, samo 11,04 i 17,42% prinosa u prvom odnosno drugom otkosu. Nisu nađene značajne razlike između ciklusa iskorišćavanja u pogledu sadržaja SM i sirovih proteina. Značajno manje učešće neproteinskog N (p lt 0,05) je utvrđeno u biljnoj masi dobijenoj iz trećeg otkosa. Determinisano je povećanje sadržaja vlakana (p lt 0,05) u SM biljne mase, tokom pašne sezone, pri čemu su najveće vrednosti utvrđene u drugom otkosu. Najveću energetsku vrednost (p lt 0,05) imala je zelena krma iz prvog otkosa (u SM), pri čemu je najniži sadržaj iskoristive energije utvrđen u zelenoj masi dobijenoj iz drugog ciklusa iskorišćavanja. Rezultati do kojih se došlo, ukazuju na naročito izraženo variranje prinosa, kao i hemijskog sastava i hranljive vrednosti zelene mase sa permanentnog pašnjaka, tokom prolećne sezone porasta vegetacije. U skladu sa tim, u cilju dobijanja kvalitetne paše za ishranu životinja, neophodno je precizno definisanje optimalnog perioda za iskorišćavanje pašnjaka tokom sezone ispaše

Trend analize žetvenih površina, proizvodnje i prinosa lucerke u Vojvodini

Vojvodina Province is a major alfalfa producer in Serbia with approximately 35.7% of total area and total production share of approximately 43.1%. In this paper, the data on area, production and yield of alfalfa observations from 1947 to 2018 and their variation and trends are analysed. The data indicate wide differences in the harvested area, total production and yield of alfalfa. The analysis of data indicates that harvested area and total production of alfalfa have declined over the past decades. Yield trend shows strong yield increase during 1950-1980 followed by periods of declined growth rates to 1990. After 1990s, dry matter yield has been stagnant. However, the increase, decrease and stagnation in yield are not strictly linear.Vojvodina je glavni proizvođač lucerke u Srbiji sa oko 35,7% ukupne površine i udelom proizvodnje od 43,1%. U radu analiziramo podatke o površini, ukupnoj proizvodnji i prinosu lucerke u periodu od 1947. do 2018. godine i njihovim varijacijama i trendovima. Takođe, procenjujemo da li je rast prinosa zastao tokom poslednjih godina. Podaci ukazuju na velike razlike u žetvenoj površini, ukupnoj proizvodnji i prinosu lucerke. Analiza podataka pokazuje da su žetvene površine i ukupna proizvodnja lucerke opali tokom poslednjih decenija. Trend prinosa pokazuje snažan porast prinosa od 1950. do 1980. godine, a zatim sledi period opadanja prinosa do 1990. godine. Nakon 1990. godine, prinos suve materije lucerke stagnira. Međutim, porast, smanjenje i stagnacija u prinosu nisu strogo linearni

Forage yield and protein content of different field pea cultivars and oat mixtures grown as winter crops

Monoculture and intensive use of mechanization and inorganic chemicals are leading to degradation and erosion of our soils and agro-ecosystems. At the same time, the production of animal feeds that are rich in protein is constantly decreasing in many European countries. Modest cultivation needs, favorable content of nutrients, and beneficial effect on the environment, make field pea and oat mixtures promising crops to tackle these issues. In three growing seasons and without irrigation or fertilisation, we have examined two basic field pea cultivars (Kosmaj, OS Adam) and one leafless cultivar (OS Letin) intercropped with oat (NS Jadar), with seeding rates, field pea: oat - 100:10%; 100:20% Results have shown that basic type cultivars have better overall development and higher yields compared to leafless cultivar, whether grown as single crops or in the mixture. Basic cultivars (OS Adam, Kosmaj) achieved higher protein content, compared to cultivar Letin, 163.9 g kg(-1), 153.3 g kg(-1), 136 g kg(-1), respectively. Yields were higher in 100:20% mixtures, compared to 100:10% mixtures and single grown crops, and we conclude that intercropping these species is superior to cultivating them separately. Protein content wasn't significantly different between two seeding rates, thus seed rates shouldn't be lower than 100:20%

Prinosi korena organske cvekle i rotkve gajenih u čistom i združenom usevu

Despite numerous positive effects on the environment, increased demands, intense research, and adequate public attention, crops grown according to the principles of organic production still occupy considerably small areas. It is difficult for certified producers to decide to expand the production of certified organic vegetables. One of the reasons is the insufficiently developed growing technology of different vegetable species in accordance with the law and regulations on organic production. Intercropping, growing of subsequent crops, and application of microbiological fertilizers are considered as the most useful techniques for yield increases in sustainable growing practices. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities for enhancing root yield of beetroot and radish, when grown as second crops in an organic double-cropping production system. The effects of intercropping and applying microbial fertilizers on the vegetable root weights were assessed. Intercropping was with green beans, implemented by replacement series method. Two microbial fertilizers were applied, one containing selected strains of Bacillus megatherium, B. licheniformis, B. suptilis, Azotobacter chrocoocum, A. vinelandi and Derxia sp. (M1), and other with Bacillus subtilis, Azotobacter sp., Penicillium oxalicum and Fusarium sp. (M2). Intercropping and microbial fertilizers contributed to the root weight increase. The highest root weights were noted for the intercropped plants treated with M1 (beetroot, 151.8 g) and M2 (radish, 351.0 g), which was 23.5% and 15.5% higher than in the sole crop unfertilized control. The results imply combining intercropping and the appropriate microbial fertilizers as an effective strategy for increasing yields of organically grown beetroot and radish.Uprkos brojnim pozitivnim efektima na životnu sredinu, povećanoj tražnji, intenzivnim istraživanjima i adekvatnoj pažnji javnosti, usevi uzgajani po principima organske proizvodnje i dalje zauzimaju prilično male površine. Certifikovani proizvođači teško se odlučuju na proširenje proizvodnje certifikovanog organskog povrća. Jedan od razloga je nedovoljno razvijena tehnologija gajenja različitih vrsta povrća u skladu sa Zakonom i propisima o organskoj proizvodnji. Združivanje, gajenje postrnih useva i primena mikrobioloških đubriva smatraju se najkorisnijim tehnikama za povećanje prinosa u održivim sistemima zemljoradnje. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi mogućnost povećanja prinosa korena cvekle i rotkve gajenih postrno u združenom usevu po metodama organske proizvodnje. Praćeni su efekti združivanja i primene mikrobioloških đubriva na masu korena. Združivanje cvekle i rotkve sa boranijom obavljeno je po metodi zamenjujućih serija. U ogledu su korišćena dva mikrobiološka đubriva od kojih jedno sadrži odabrane sojeve Bacillus megaterium, B. licheniformis, B. suptilis, Azotobacter chrocoocum, A. vinelandi i Derxia sp. (M1), a drugo: Bacillus subtilis, Azotobacter sp., Penicillium oxalicum i Fusarium sp. (M2). Združivanje i mikrobiološka đubriva doprineli su povećanju mase korena. Najveća masa korena zabeležena je u združenom usevu cvekle kod tretmana mikrobiološkim đubrivom M1 (151,8g) i u združenom usevu rotkve kod tretmana mikrobiološkim đubrivom M2 (351,0g), što je bilo za 23,5% i 15,5% više u poređenju sa čistim usevima na tretmanima bez đubrenja. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da su uporedo primenjeno združivanje i odgovarajuća mikrobiološka đubriva delotvorna strategija za postizanje većih prinosa cvekle i rotkve u organskom sistemu gajenja

Yield and nutritional value of permanent grassland forage under simulated rotational grazing

A cutting experiment was conducted to test the changes in botanical composition, yield and nutritional value of forage, obtained in conditions of simulated rotational spring grazing on permanent grassland. The experiment was carried out on permanent pasture in vicinity of Šabac, Serbia in 2015 included three cuttings as a simulated rotational spring grazing. The highest share of grasses was noted in the first cut and decreased in the second and third cut, with increased forbs participation, and relatively constant percentage of legumes. The highest dry matter (DM) yield was obtained for the first harvest, followed by the second cut, and the lowest forage production was determined for the third harvest, with only 11.04 and 17.42% of the first and second cut yield. There were not found the significant differences between cuts for herbage DM and crude protein content. Markedly lower value for non-protein N concentration (p<0.05) was determined in the third cut. The fiber content increased during the grazing season (p<0.05), with the highest value determined in the herbage obtained in the second cut. The highest energy values (p<0.05) had the herbage produced in the first cut (DM basis), wherein the lowest values were found in the forage from the second harvest. These results indicate that especially herbage yield of analyzed grassland as chemical composition and nutrition value are highly variable during the growing season. The accurately defined optimal period for using is necessary to provide the high-quality forage for grazing animals

Biomass and Protein Yields of Field Peas and Oats Intercrop Affected by Sowing Norms and Nitrogen Fertilizer at Two Different Stages of Growth

In limited growing conditions, intercropped field peas and oats can represent a significant source of forage rich in protein. If applied correctly, factors such as nitrogen fertilizer, the mowing phase, and sowing norms can significantly increase the productivity of these mixtures. Field trials were conducted to examine their productivity under different nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 kg ha−1 ), different sowing norms/mixtures (field peas: oats—100:15%; 100:30%), and two stages of growth (full flowering, full pod formation). Nitrogen fertilizer and different sowing norms had a significant effect on the biomass, hay, and crude protein yields. On average, the highest hay yields were achieved with 80 kg ha−1 N (4.96 t ha−1 ), followed by 40 kg ha−1 N (4.27 t ha−1 ). The highest protein yields were achieved with 40 kg ha−1 N (CP—704.1 kg ha−1 ), followed by 80 kg ha−1 N (CP—637.6 kg ha−1 ). Sowing norm 100:30% achieved higher hay yields: 100:30%—4.82 t ha−1; 100:15%—4.44 t ha−1, while 100:15% achieved higher crude protein yields: 100:15%—730.4 kg ha−1; 100:30%—692.7 kg ha−1 on average. The costs were not significantly increased with the nitrogen fertilizer, but the net profits were increased by as much as 163%, depending on the nitrogen level and the mixture. Nitrogen fertilizer also achieves higher economic efficiency for the mixture 100:15% compared to the 100:30% mixture. Mixtures of field peas and oats outperform single-grown crops and provide cost-effective feed for a short time. Using optimal seed ratios and nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase the productivity and profitability of the feed with minimal impact on the overall production costs

Mogućnost suzbijanja korova združenim gajenjem jarog stočnog graška sa ovsem

Field pea is a high quality fodder crop of a short vegetation period. The production of field peas as a spring crop reduces the risk of yield losses due to unfavourable winter conditions, improves soil characteristics and ensures high quality fodder at the end of the spring. Intercropping with oats is often carried out due to the fact that field pea requires support and both species have similar developmental stages. The field experiment was set up at the Institute for Animal Husbandry in Zemun in 2017, in order to study the forage yield and the possibility of weed control by cultivating the mixture of field pea and oats. Serbian varieties of field pea NS Junior and oats cultivar Dunav were included in the trial, intercropped according to the 'additive model' in two ways: 100:15% and 100:30% pea : oats, when compared to monoculture (100% pea and 100% oats). In the 100:15% intercrop model of field pea and oats , the number of weed units and their fresh and dry weight were lower than in monocultures, while the higher presence of weeds in the 100:30% model was significantly affected by the high number and biomass production of weed species Ambrosia artemisiifolia. The cultivation of oats and field pea in the mixture significantly increased the yield of fresh and dry biomass, when compared to monocultures, while there was no significant difference in yield between the different methods of peas and oats (100:15% and 100:30%) intercropping. The higher share of oats at the crop establishment stage did not increase the forage yield, indicating the dominant contribution of the field pea biomass in the mixture.Stočni grašak predstavlja kvalitetan krmni usev kratke vegetacije. Proizvodnjom stočnog graška kao jarog useva, smanjuje se rizik gubitka prinosa usled nepovoljnih zimskih uslova, poboljšavaju karakteristike zemljišta i obezbeđuje kvalitetna krma krajem proleća. Združivanje sa ovsem se često sprovodi zbog potrebe graška za potporom i sličnih fenofaza razvića obe vrste. Poljski ogled je postavljen na Institutu za stočarstvo u Zemunu 2017. godine u cilju ispitivanja prinosa krme i mogućnosti suzbijanja korova gajenjem stočnog graška sa ovsem u smeši. U ogled su bile uključene domaća sorta graška NS Junior i ovas Dunav, koji su združeni po 'aditivnom modelu' na dva načina: 100:15% i 100:30% grašak:ovas, uz poređenje sa setvom čistih useva (100% grašak i 100% ovas). U združenom usevu stočnog graška i ovsa po modelu 100:15%, broj jedinki korova i njihova sveža i suva masa su bile manje nago u pojedinačnim usevima, dok je većoj zastupljenosti korova u modelu združivanja 100:30% veoma doprinela visoka brojnost i produkcija biomase korovske vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Gajenje ovsa i stočnog graška u smeši je značajno povećalo prinos sveže i suve biomase u odnosu na pojedinačno gajene useve, dok između različitog načina združivanja graška i ovsa (100:15% i 100:30%) nije bilo značajnih razlika u prinosu. Veći udeo ovsa pri zasnivanju nije povećao prinos krme, ukazujući na dominantan doprinos biomase stočnog graška u smeši

Impact of stage of use and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of field pea and oat mixtures

Jedan od načina da se ublaži negativan uticaj intenzivne poljoprivredne proizvodnje na životnu sredinu i poboljša proizvodnja kabaste stočne hrane jeste združivanje različitih vrsta biljaka. Zbog kratkog vegetacionog perioda, pozitivnog delovanja na zemljište, dobre otpornosti na korove, bolesti i poleganje, stočni grašak i ovas predstavljaju perspektivne vrste za ovaj vid gajenja. Trogodišnje istraživanje je sprovedeno na oglednim poljima Instituta za stočarstvo u Beogradu sa ciljem da se ustanovi produktivnost stočnog graška i ovsa u datim agroekološkim uslovima i pod uticajem različitih tretmana. U okviru različitih tretmana ispitivani su: prihrana mineralnim azotom (0, 40 i 80 kg ha-1), setveni odnos stočnog graška i ovsa u smeši (100:15% i 100:30%) sa dva kontrolna useva (čist stočni grašak 100% i čist ovas 100%) i optimalno vreme košenja (faza punog cvetanja i faza formiranja mahuna useva stočnog graška). Na osnovu prinosa, kompeticijskih odnosa i kvaliteta hraniva ocenjen je uticaj pojedinih tretmana i produktivnost gajenih smeša. Trogodišnjim istraživanjem ustanovljeno je da smeše imaju veću produktivnost po jedinici površine za približno 20% u odnosu na čiste useve. Smeše obezbeđuju veće prinose zelene mase (100:30% - 21 t ha-1, 100:15% - 20,2 t ha-1, ovas - 19,9 t ha-1, stočni grašak - 16,7 t ha-1) i suve mase (100:30% - 4,82 t ha-1, 100:15% - 4,44 t ha-1, ovas - 4,99 t ha-1, stočni grašak – 3,17 t ha-1) u odnosu na čiste useve. Najveći prinos sirovih proteina je ostvaren kod smeše 100:15% (730 kg ha-1), zatim smeše 100:30% (693 kg ha-1), stočnog graška (633 kg ha- 1), pa kod ovsa (456 kg ha-1). Kod smeše 100:15% je zabeležen viši sadržaj pravih proteina (9,21%) i veća svarljivost (64,3%) nego kod smeše 100:30% (8,26% i 60,7%). Kod svih useva najveći prinosi proteina postignuti su prihranom sa 80 kg N ha-1 (704 kg ha-1) u odnosu na 40 kg N ha-1 (638 kg ha-1) i kontrolu (543 kg ha-1). Prihrana azotom ima značajan uticaj i na povećanje prinosa zelene i suve mase. Prosečan prinos suve mase smeša je bio značajno veći u drugoj fazi košenja u odnosu na prvu. Prinos proteina je bio veći u drugoj fazi košenja u odnosu na prvu kod smeše 100:15% (I - 700 kg ha-1; II - 761 kg ha-1), dok kod smeše 100:30% razlike nisu bile značajne. Združeno gajenje stočnog graška i ovsa za proizvodnju voluminozne hrane predstavlja superiorniji vid gajenja u odnosu na pojedinačno gajenje ovih vrsta. Primena azota se može smatrati neophodnom, naročito na zemljištima niže plodnosti. Smeša sa setvenim odnosom 100:15% ostvarila je veće prinose sirovih proteina i biomasu veće svarljivosti, dok je smeša 100:30% ostvarila veće prinose biomase. Veći prinos suve mase je bio u fazi formiranja mahuna. Takođe, smeša 100:15% je imala veće prinose proteina u drugoj fazi košenja. Međutim, košenjem u drugoj fazi dobija se stočna hrana niže svarljivosti.Intercropping plants can reduce the adverse effects of modern agriculture on the environment and enhance feed quality. Due to a short growth period, pronounced positive impact on soil, and strong resistance to weeds, diseases, and lodging, field pea and oat mixtures are promising crops for intercropping. A three-year study was conducted at the Institute of Animal Husbandry in Belgrade to assess the productivity of field pea and oat mixtures in a specific agro-ecological environment, under the influence of various treatments. The treatments included examination of nitrogen application (0, 40, and 80 kg ha-1), different sowing ratios of the two species in the mixture (100:15% and 100:30%), with two control crops (sole field peas at 100% and sole oats at 100%), and the optimal mowing phase (full flowering and full pod formation). The study evaluated the influence of individual treatments and the productivity of the cultivated mixtures based on yields, competition relations, and feed quality. The three-year study revealed that mixtures showed a 20% higher productivity per unit area compared to pure crops. The mixtures produced higher yields of green mass (100:30% - 21 t ha-1, 100:15% - 20.2 t ha-1, oats – 19.9 t ha-1, field peas – 16.7 t ha-1), and dry mass (100:30% - 4.82 t ha-1, 100:15% - 4.44 t ha-1, oats – 4.99 t ha-1, field peas – 3.17 t ha-1) compared to pure crops. The highest yield of crude protein was obtained with the 100:15% mixture (730 kg ha-1), followed by the 100:30% mixture (693 kg ha-1), field peas (633 kg ha-1), and the lowest yield was from oats (456 kg ha-1). The 100:15% mixture showed higher true protein content (9.21%) and digestibility (64.3%) compared to the 100:30% mixture (8.26% and 60.7%). In all crops, the application of 80 kg N ha-1 showed the highest protein yield (704 kg ha-1) compared to 40 kg N ha-1 (638 kg ha-1) and the control treatment without nitrogen application (543 kg ha-1). The application of nitrogen fertilizer had a significant impact on increasing the yield of green and dry mass as well. The dry mass yield for mixtures was higher on average in the second mowing phase compared to the first. The protein yield was higher in the second mowing phase compared to the first for the mixture 100:15% (I - 700 kg ha-1; II - 761 kg ha- 1), whereas no significant difference was observed for the 100:30% mixture. Combined cultivation of field peas and oats for the production of fodder feeds has proven to be a superior way of cultivation compared to individual cultivation of these species. Nitrogen application is considered necessary, mainly on soils of lower fertility. The mixture with a sowing ratio of 100:15% achieved higher crude protein yields and higher digestibility biomass, while the mixture with a higher percentage share of oats (100:30%) achieved higher biomass yields. Higher biomass yields were achieved in the full pod formation phase. Higher protein yields were also achieved for the mixture 100:15% in the second mowing phase. However, mowing in the second phase yields biomass with lower digestibility

Biomass and Protein Yields of Field Peas and Oats Intercrop Affected by Sowing Norms and Nitrogen Fertilizer at Two Different Stages of Growth

In limited growing conditions, intercropped field peas and oats can represent a significant source of forage rich in protein. If applied correctly, factors such as nitrogen fertilizer, the mowing phase, and sowing norms can significantly increase the productivity of these mixtures. Field trials were conducted to examine their productivity under different nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 kg ha−1), different sowing norms/mixtures (field peas: oats—100:15%; 100:30%), and two stages of growth (full flowering, full pod formation). Nitrogen fertilizer and different sowing norms had a significant effect on the biomass, hay, and crude protein yields. On average, the highest hay yields were achieved with 80 kg ha−1 N (4.96 t ha−1), followed by 40 kg ha−1 N (4.27 t ha−1). The highest protein yields were achieved with 40 kg ha−1 N (CP—704.1 kg ha−1), followed by 80 kg ha−1 N (CP—637.6 kg ha−1). Sowing norm 100:30% achieved higher hay yields: 100:30%—4.82 t ha−1; 100:15%—4.44 t ha−1, while 100:15% achieved higher crude protein yields: 100:15%—730.4 kg ha−1; 100:30%—692.7 kg ha−1 on average. The costs were not significantly increased with the nitrogen fertilizer, but the net profits were increased by as much as 163%, depending on the nitrogen level and the mixture. Nitrogen fertilizer also achieves higher economic efficiency for the mixture 100:15% compared to the 100:30% mixture. Mixtures of field peas and oats outperform single-grown crops and provide cost-effective feed for a short time. Using optimal seed ratios and nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase the productivity and profitability of the feed with minimal impact on the overall production costs